Materials of construction for use in high pressure hydrogen storage in a salt cavern

ABSTRACT

A carbon steel for use in high pressure hydrogen service is provided. This steel may have greater than 1.20% manganese and greater than 0.035% sulfur. This steel may have no more than 0.16% carbon, no more than 1.10% manganese, no more than 0.010% phosphorus, no more than 0.05% sulfur, no more than 0.02% silicon, no more than 0.15% copper, no more than 0.10% nickel, no more than 0.1% chromium, no more than 0.03% molybdnium, no more than 0.40% aluminum, no more than 0.02% vanadium, no more than 0.0005% boron, no more than 0.003% titanium, and no more than 0.02% niobium.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/711, 532, filed May 13, 2015, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 (a) and (b) to U.S. Patent Application No. 62/081,241 filed Nov. 18, 2014, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Long term exposure to hydrogen gas will cause hydrogen embrittlement of carbon steel. This invention describes a method to mitigate hydrogen embrittlement in high pressure storage well components. For the purpose of this invention high pressure shall be defined as pressure greater than 800 psig.

The storage of hydrogen in caverns, whether leached in salt formations or created by hard rock mining, or other storage media such as in aquifers and depleted petroleum reservoirs, will result in the embrittlement of carbon steel components. Carbon steel component will then fail resulting in uncontrolled release of high pressure hydrogen gas. There exists a need in the industry for specific materials of construction that allow the safe, long term operation of high pressure hydrogen storage.

SUMMARY

A carbon steel for use in high pressure hydrogen service is provided. This steel may have greater than 1.20% manganese and greater than 0.035% sulfur. This steel may have no more than 0.16% carbon, no more than 1.10% manganese, no more than 0.010% phosphorus, no more than 0.05% sulfur, no more than 0.02% silicon, no more than 0.15% copper, no more than 0.10% nickel, no more than 0.1% chromium, no more than 0.03% molybdnium, no more than 0.40% aluminum, no more than 0.02% vanadium, no more than 0.0005% boron, no more than 0.003% titanium, and no more than 0.02% niobium.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.

The selection and use of the proper alloy steels will mitigate hydrogen embrittlement. The storage of high pressure gases may also lead to the loss of gas from a storage cavern or reservoir. To mitigate gas losses from the casing, this invention further claims that gas block cement and salt saturated cement are used as components of the system to create a gas tight storage cavern.

Gas block cement, as used herein, is defined as a gas migration control cement containing additives to increase the impermeability with respect to gas (such as hydrogen). These additives may include latex particles, polyethylenimine, or others known in the art. The process of producing and utilizing gas block cement is well known in the art.

Salt saturated cement, as used herein, is defined as a cement with a sufficiently high concentration of dissolved salt (NaCl) to avoid the cement slurry from dissolving portions of the salt formation during the cementing process. The process of producing and utilizing salt saturated cement is well known in the art.

Suitable steel pipe for pipeline, piping components and casing in high pressure hydrogen service should meet the following specifications:

Steel Material Selection—ASME SA 350 LF2 CL1; ASME SA 350 LF1; or

API Arctic J-55

Steel Grade—API 5L Gr. B, X-42, X-52, X-56

Minimum yield strength Y_(p)—42,000 psi

Maximum yield strength Y_(p)—60,000 psi

Minimum Ultimate Strength U_(p)—60,000 psi

Maximum Ultimate Strength U_(p)—120,000 psi

Hardness Maximum—100 Brinell

Steel pipe and casing is quenched and tempered

Micro alloy components:

Carbon—C—0.16% maximum

Manganese—Mn—1.10% maximum

Phosphorus—P—0.010% maximum

Sulfur—S—0.005% maximum

Silicon—Si—0.20% maximum

Copper—Cu—0.15% maximum

Nickel—Ni—0.10% maximum

Chromium—Cr—0.1% maximum

Molybnium—Mo—0.03% maximum

Aluminum—Al—0.40% maximum

Vanadium—V—0.02% maximum

Boron—B—0.0005% maximum

Titanium—Ti—0.003% maximum

Niobium (Columbium)—Cb—0.002% maximum

Carbon Equivalent—43 maximum

The piping and casing that are to be used in construction of the high pressure hydrogen well should be seamless. The piping and casing used in construction of the well should be chosen of sufficient thickness to safely contain the highest storage pressure plus a safety factor. A safety factory of 1.2 is typically used to determine the yield and burst pressures of the casing. All casing and cross country pipeline connections that are in hydrogen service or may see hydrogen service should welded according to procedures that adhere to ASME Code B31.12 for severe hydrogen service.

Each casing string that is run into the well should be cemented to the surface. All casing strings that go into the cap rock and salt mass should be cemented with gas blocking cement. All casing strings that go into the salt mass should be cemented with salt saturated cement.

As used herein, the term “gas blocking cement” is defined as having a gas migration control cement additive such as latex particles, low molecular weight polymers, polymeric microgels, etc. that create a more impermeable barrier.

As used herein, the term “salt saturated cement” is defined as cement that is formed with water that has been saturated with salt.

For storage in aquifers, depleted reservoirs or hard rock mined caverns, the last casing string entering the storage media should be cemented to the surface with gas block cement. Hanging casing strings should be welded or threaded. The material of construction of the hanging casing string are micro alloy should be described in ASME SA 350 LF2 CL1 or ASME SA 350 LF1, or casing meeting specification API Arctic J-55 is used. Welded hanging casing string joints should meet the same specification as claims for the final cemented string described above.

The material of construction of the wellhead components are micro alloy as described in ASME SA 350 LF2 CL1 or ASME SA 350 LF1, or AISI 4130 carbon steel. Wellhead components that see hydrogen service should be welded to meet the same specification as claims for the final cemented string described above.

The material of construction of the valves on the wellhead are micro alloy as described in ASME SA 350 LF2 CL1 or ASME SA 350 LF1, or AISI 4130 carbon steel. Valve components that see hydrogen service should be welded to meet the same specification as claims for the final cemented string described above. Wellhead components and valves may be manufactured to API 6A and 6D, Class 1M, 2M, 3M, 5M or 10M. Ring gaskets are ASME SA-240 304L should be stainless steel.

The wellhead components and valves bolting should be tightened with hydraulic bolt tensioning equipment to ensure uniform tightening. The bolts should tightened in a crisscross pattern to tighten the connections using even pressure. All instrument connections and pipe smaller than 2 inches diameter should be ASME SA-240 304L stainless steel

After all components are installed the wellhead and piping should be tested for gas leaks using liquid soap, acoustic measurements or ultra sonic measurement instruments. Any leaking components should tightened to ensure that the leak is stopped.

The invention further claims that all components that are exposed to hydrogen gas are inspected at the time of a full workover and/or mechanical integrity test to verify that the steel meets ASME and API 6A codes for hardness and yield strength. Any component found to fail the specification for hardness or yield strength should be replaced or the well is taken out of service. 

1. A carbon steel to mitigate hydrogen embrittlement in gaseous hydrogen service with pressures greater than 800 psig, comprising: no more than 0.16% carbon, no more than 1.10% manganese, no more than 0.010% phosphorus, no more than 0.05% sulfur, no more than 0.02% silicon, no more than 0.15% copper, no more than 0.10% nickel, no more than 0.1% chromium, no more than 0.03%molybdnium, no more than 0.40% aluminum, no more than 0.02% vanadium, no more than 0.0005% boron, no more than 0.003% titanium, and no more than 0.02% niobium.
 2. The carbon steel of claim 1, further comprising a carbon equivalent of no more than
 43. 3. A fabricated article, comprising fabricating the article from the carbon steel of claim 1, wherein the article is a seamless pipe or a seamless casing.
 4. The fabricated article of claim 3, wherein the article is designed with a safety factor of at least 1.2.
 5. An assembly, comprising fabricating the assembly from two or more articles of claim 3, wherein the two or more articles are welded together in accordance with ASME code B31.12.
 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the assembly comprises a casing.
 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the casing is selected from the group consisting of surface casing, intermediate casing, and production casing.
 8. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the assembly comprises a cross country pipeline.
 9. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the assembly comprises a wellhead component.
 10. The assembly of claim 9, wherein said wellhead component is selected from the group consisting of a casing head, a casing spool, a casing hanger, a test plug, bull plug, a base plate, a tubing head, a tubing hanger, a tree cap test adapter, a positive choke, an adjustable choke, and a tubing head adapter.
 11. The assembly of claim 9, wherein said wellhead component is a valve.
 12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein said valve is selected from the group consisting of a gauge valve, a swab valve, a wing valve, a bleeder valve, a flow line valve, a master valve, a turning head valve, an intermediate casing head valve, and a lower casing head valve.
 13. A casing string, comprising fabricating the casing string from two or more casings of claim
 7. 14. The casing string of claim 13, wherein the casing string is inserted into a well borehole and cemented at the surface.
 15. The casing string of claim 13, wherein the casing string is inserted into a well borehole that penetrates cap rock and salt mass, wherein the casing string is cemented with gas blocking cement.
 16. The casing string of claim 13, wherein the casing string is inserted into a well borehole that penetrates a salt mass, wherein the casing string is cemented with salt saturated cement.
 17. The casing string of claim 13, wherein the casing string is inserted into an aquifer, wherein the casing string is cemented to the surface with gas block cement.
 18. The casing string of claim 13, wherein the casing string is inserted into a depleted reservoir, wherein the casing string is cemented to the surface with gas block cement.
 19. The casing string of claim 13, wherein the casing string is inserted into a hard rock mined cavern, wherein the casing string is cemented to the surface with gas block cement. 